Canada

Canada’s community was built by an unusual mechanism: private sponsorship, where ordinary households took legal and financial responsibility for a refugee family. Ottawa’s Project 4000 committed a single city to four thousand people in 1979, and the model spread. Quebec drew francophone Vietnamese, many of them by way of France, which is why Montréal’s community sounds different from Toronto’s.

The migrations that built it

1. 01 Pre-1975: students, largely in Quebec
2. 02 1979–1980: private sponsorship and Project 4000
3. 03 1980s onward: family reunification