Czech Republic

Czechoslovakia took Vietnamese students and apprentices from the 1950s under socialist exchange agreements, and contract workers in far larger numbers through the 1980s. Many stayed after 1989 and moved into retail, to the point where the neighborhood shop became a Czech cultural fixture. The Sapa market in Prague functions as a small city in itself. In 2013 Vietnamese were recognized as an official national minority, which almost nowhere else in Europe has done.

The migrations that built it

1. 01 1950s–1970s: students and apprentices under socialist exchange
2. 02 1980s: contract workers
3. 03 1990s onward: retail, and the second generation